Mental Health And Community Care Social Work Essay

Mental Health And Community Care Social Work Essay In this report I will discuss Mental health and community care, I will look at the historical context of community care taking into consideration policies and that stemmed it and competing ideological perspectives that that has impacted on it. I will further look at its benefits and shortfalls since its implementation taking into accounts the impact of the 1990 NHS Community Care Act and current reforms. Finally I will discuss the process of poverty and social exclusion which affects some of these people who have been discharged home as a result. History of Community Care and Objectives Dobson (1998) stated that Care in the community represented the major political change in mental healthcare in the history of the National Health Service (NHS) It was the result both of social changes and political expediency and a movement away from the isolation of the mentally ill in old Victorian asylums towards their integration into the community (Goffman 1961). The aim was to normalise the mentally ill and to remove the stigma of a condition that is said to afflict one in four of the British population at some time in their lives. The main push towards community care as we know it today came in the 1950s and 1960s, an era which saw a sea change in attitude towards the treatment of the mentally ill and a rise in the patients rights movement, tied to civil rights campaigns. The 1959 Mental Health Act abolished the distinction between psychiatric and other hospitals and encouraged the development of community care. According to Goffman, (1961) historically, people who were designated as having a mental illness lived in confined institutional environments for years and had limited expectations for returning to the community. Community care is used to describe the various services available to help individuals manage their physical and mental health problems in the community which is the British policy for deinstitutionalisation. Duane (2003) defined deinstitutionalisation as process of replacing long-stay psychiatric hospitals with less isolated community mental health services for those diagnosed with mental disorder or developmental disability. These services include, for example, nursing or social work support, home help, day centres, counselling and supported accommodation. The Department of Health expresses the need to promote the development of a personal health plan of individuals, based on who they are, what they want and what their circumstances are. According to DoH, Health is linked to the way people live their lives and the opportunities available to choose health in the communities where they live. There have been major improvements in health and life expectancy over the last century and on the most basic measures, people are living longer than ever before (DoH report, 2005). Rogers A and Pilgrim D (2001) stated that the ideological commitment to community care was associated with vague idea of achieving an ideal society, prior to it being effected as a practical reality. Similarly Titmuss in the 1960s suggested that the notion of community care invented a sense of warmth and human kindness, essentially personal and comforting Titmuss (1968). This early positive view emphasised the idea of leaving the disabling environment of the institution behind and ushering in the enabling possibilities of ordinary living. According to Bulmer (1989), the first use of community care was in the part of mental health, as understanding developed of the negative consequences of institutionalizing mental patients in hospitals, and to discharge the ex-patients and mental handicap hospitals, and to discharge the ex-patients into the community, where they would live in hostel-type accommodation or in their own homes and be cared for by a mixture of professional and personal carers, particularly in day centres and by nursing staff on the one hand and by members of their own families on the other. Community care in the past has always been a mixed economy, financed by both the state and by user charges and provided by voluntary sector organization, commercial, for-profit organization, the state and the family. Alan Walker (1982, 1989) and Roy Parker (1990) have specifically addressed the problem of defining community care and have pointed out that it has been very easy for one persons community care to be anothers institutional care. Community care has been a mixture of policies. To the health service any provision outside the NHS equals community care, therefore institution run by local authorities constitute community care. The mixed economy of community care during the 1960s left wing academics, notably Peter Townsend (1962), made moving request for the deinstitutionalization of elderly and mentally ill people, whereas Titmuss (1968) has already sounded a note of caution when he referred to the way in which the term community care conjured up a sense of warmth and human kindness. All this assumed the main provider of community care to be the state. In some ways, the idea of community care in mental health ran counter to the dominate trend within the NHS after 1948, which until recently, was centralised and hospital-dominated. Bulmer (1989) similarly emphasised that in recent years community care has broad meaning including the goal of providing comprehensive outreach, day and residential services and support for ordinary facilities within the locality. In principal at least community care now extends to social inclusion and the promotion of assess to facilities used by other people living in the community and the right and responsibility of participation in local community acitivties. According to Pilgrim (2001) when the Labour government came to power in 1997, it announced the need for rapid reform of mental health services based on the impression or evidence that care in the community has failed. In 1998, the Health Secretary, Frank Dobson, stated that discharging people from institutions has brought benefits to some. But it has left many vulnerable patients to try and cope on their own. Others have been left to become a danger to themselves and a nuisance to others. A small but significant minority have become a danger to the public as well as themselves. Mind, along with many others, disagreed with the statement that community care had failed. These were based on concerns about control of risky behaviour which led to the spokes enquiry following the killing of a social worker (Isablel Shwartz) in 1984 by patient Sharon Campbell in Bexley Hospital. These were some of the limitations of care discovered and led to recommendation about post-discharge case management DHSS (1998). The report similarly noted the lack of any requirement on the part of services to identify vulnerable patients or provide individualised care plans, and for agencies with responsibilities for mental health to work together. The inquiry into the care of Christopher Clunis was also another reason why the community care needed a reform. Rogers and Pilgrim (2001) explained that inquiry examined the manner in which services failed to respond adequately to Christopher Clunis, a young black man With a diagnosis of paranoid schizophrenia who stabbed a stranger (Jonathan Zito) at Finsbury Park underground station. This highlighted a number of problems why the Labour government called for the reform of the community care policy because of the inadequate support for in the community with severe mental health problems. In 1999 The Government published the  National Service Framework [NSF] for mental health modern standards and service models for England. The NSF spelled out national standards for mental health services, what they aimed to achieve, how they should be developed and delivered, and how performance would be measured in every part of the country.(DoH Community care is the support by informal and formal carers of the elderly, the disabled and the mentally disordered groups in the community who are usually in their own homes rather than in institutions. According to Bulmer(1989)the ideas with which community care came about is due to the mixture of sociological propositions about the nature of modern community life, including personal ties between relative, friends, and neighbours. The Griffiths Report: Community Care: Agenda for Action Margaret Thatcher invited Sir Roy Griffiths to produce a report on the problems of the NHS. This report was influenced by the ideology of managerialism. That is it was influenced by the idea that problems could be solved by management. According to the report, Griffiths firmly believed that many of the problems facing the Welfare State were caused by the lack of strong effective leadership and management. Because of this previous work, which was greatly admired by the Prime Minister, Griffiths was asked to examine the whole system of community care. In 1988 he produced a report or a Green Paper called Community Care: Agenda for Action, also known as The Griffiths Report. Griffiths intended this plan to sort out the mess in no-mans land. That is the grey area between health and social services. This area included the long term or continuing care of dependent groups such as older people, disabled and the mentally ill. Basically he was saying that community care was not working because no one wanted to accept the responsibility for community care. Community Care: Agenda for Action made six key recommendations for action: Minister of State for Community Care to ensure implementation of the policy it required ministerial authority. Local Authorities should have key role in community care. i.e. Social Work / Services departments rather than Health have responsibility for long term and continuing care. Health Boards to have responsibility for primary and acute care. Specific grant from central government to fund development of community care. Specified what Social Service Departments should do: assess care needs of locality, set up mechanisms to assess care needs of individuals, on basis of needs design flexible packages of care to meet these needs Promote the use of the Independent sector: this was to be achieved by social work departments collaborating with and making maximum use of the voluntary and private sector of welfare. Social Services should be responsible for registration and inspection of all residential homes whether run by private organisations or the local authority. The majority of long term care was already being provided by Social Services, but Griffiths idea was to put community nursing staff under the control of local authority rather than Health Boards. This never actually happened. The Griffiths Report on Community Care seemed to back local government whereas, the health board reforms in the same period, actually strengthened central government control. rewor According to the Mind, In 1989 the government published its response to the Griffiths Report in the White Paper Caring for People. It set out a framework for changes to community care, which included a new funding structure for social care. This would mark the beginning of the purchaser/provider split whereby social services departments were encouraged to purchase services provided by the independent sector. The report promoted the development of domiciliary, day care and respite services to enable people to live as independently as possible in their own homes. Other objectives included quality initiatives around assessment of need and case management. Carers needs were addressed by prioritising practical support initiatives for them. The next decade saw a dramatic increase in the number of voluntary and private sector service providers. The impact of the community care reforms The community care reforms outlined in the 1990 Act have been in operation since April 1993 Glennester, (1996).They have been evaluated but no clear conclusions have been reached. A number of authors have been highly critical of the reforms. Hadley and Clough (1996) claim the reforms have created care in chaos (Hadley and Clough 1996) They claim the reforms have been inefficient, unresponsive, offering no choice or equity. Other authors however, are not quite so pessimistic. Means and Smith (1998) claim that the reforms: introduced a system that is no better than the previous more bureaucratic systems of resource allocation were an excellent idea, but received little understanding or commitment from social services as the lead agency in community care the enthusiasm of local authorities was undermined by vested professional interests, or the service legacy of the last forty years health services and social services workers have not worked well together and there have been few multidisciplinary assessments carried out in reality little collaboration took place except at senior management level the reforms have been undermined by chronic underfunding by central government the voluntary sector was the main beneficiary of this attempt to develop a mixed economy of care The Care Programme Approach (CPA ) According to Rogers and Pilgrim (2001) there was a light with the introduction of the Care Programme Approach in 2001. It introduced an attempt to improve and standardise the delivery of community care services. The CPA set out a practice framework for health authorities in England, giving guidance on how they should fulfil their duties as laid out in the National Health Service (NHS) and Community Care Act 1990. The programme contained four key elements namely, Arrangement for assessing the health and social needs of recipients of specialist mental health services, The regular use of care plan that identified which provider was responsible for different aspects of a persons care Key worker who would monitor and co-ordinate care for the individual Regular review and if appropriate changes to the care plan. Through the introduction of the CPA, patients identified at risk have been required to be kept on supervision register (DH, 1995). The idea was that all patients in contact with services would be subject to CPA but that some require greater scrutiny and service input. Pilgrim et al stated that the Labour government inherited this method in 1997 and continued to endorse it as the mainstay of good quality community-based management for people with mental health disorder, despite the concept of community care being problematic by health ministers and controversial cases such as that of Christopher Clunis. Social inclusion Social exclusion occurs when,  marginalised by society, people are not able  play a full and  equal part in their community.  Many people who experience mental distress experience stigma and discrimination, and live in poverty. They may find it hard to find adequate housing or access employment. The net result is that people can become seriously isolated and excluded from social and working life. Following the publication of the Social Exclusion Units (SEU) report into mental health and social exclusion, the National Institute for Mental Health in England (NIMHE) have been charged with implementing the 27 action points listed in the SEU report. NIMHE are working on a number of policy areas including employment, education, social networks, housing and homelessness, direct payments, income and benefits. (DoH 1998)

Christopher Columbus Hero or Villan

Aysha Imtiaz Should a man whose actions created a wave of genocide and killed thousands of innocent natives be considered a hero? Christopher Columbus found the Americas, but today he takes credit for discovering a new world. Native Americans had been living in civilizations across North and South America long before Columbus had â€Å"discovered† it. This journey has now ruined many of those cultivations as well as the citizens. With his expedition, he exposed countries to new disease and violence. His greed led him to deprive America of its natives and its resources.Thirdly, he also introduced Native Americans to slavery. These horrible monstrosities should be added to Columbus's reputation, which shows him to be a villain in American history. Christopher Columbus had evil intentions from the start of his voyage when he promised to repay Ferdinand, Spanish monarch and founder of Columbus's travels, with gold, spice, and other resources. When he first arrived in what he thoug ht was Asia, he quickly gathered the natives and introduced them to slavery. What he did was wrong and he shouldn’t be celebrated.Firstly, with his expedition he exposed countries to new disease and violence. Christopher Columbus brought explorers who had disease. This caused the Native Americans to get diseases as well. He was very violent and treated them in a cruel way. The poor Native Americans were trying to share their land and Columbus didn’t want to share even though it wasn’t his land. Whatever he did was wrong, and I feel ashamed that we celebrate a person who did nothing but torture people. We should be thankful to the Native Americans for finding America and proving to be very good people unlike Christopher Columbus.Secondly, Christopher Columbus‘s greed led him to deprive America of its natives and resources. Columbus deprived the Native Americans of everything they had. He took away their land and their crops. The Native Americans showed ever ything they knew about their advice. But Christopher Columbus uses them and took away their land. He killed them and literally kicked them out of their land. The Native Americans tried to retrieve what was rightfully theirs but Columbus had too much power. He was impossible to defeat.This left them no choice but to give away their land to Christopher Columbus. Thirdly, he also introduced slavery to the Native Americans. The Native Americans worked for nobody. But ever since Christopher Columbus came to their land they knew the feeling of working with no pay. They were treated unfairly and were beaten up if they did their work incorrectly. The Native Americans had to go through so much. They were punished unnecessarily and treated like humans. We all see Christopher Columbus as a hero but he is no one other than a villain.This information has taught me that Christopher Columbus was a horrible person people like him take credit for things they haven’t done. He brought disease a nd violence to the new land. Secondly, his greed left Native Americans with nothing. He even introduced slavery to them. In my eyes Christopher is nothing but a villain, because jealousy, greed and envy won’t get you very far in life, because you’ll always discontent and unhappy about yourself, your life and the people around you. If Columbus thought about that in 1492. Maybe the Native Americans wouldn’t have gone through all that torture.

Ap French Student Samples Persuasive Essay Guide

Ap French Student Samples Persuasive Essay Guide What You Should Do to Find Out About Ap French Student Samples Persuasive Essay Before You're Left Behind Within this form, there are in reality only two body paragraphs. The arguments ought to be presented in exactly the same way, and no big element of the original text needs to be left from the synthese. From here on, you've got to come up with a distinctive interpretation of the means by which the structure contributes to the meaning. Tie every claim you make to a bit of evidence to make sure the very best essay possible. The Rise of Ap French Student Samples Persuasive Essay It is a rather diverse field. However, it only topples one particular topic at one time and it's centered around a major topic. These are a few of the best topics that result in an excellent debate. Most academic essay topics usually ask you to choose a side in an argument or maybe to defend a specific side against criticism. Choosing Ap French Stud ent Samples Persuasive Essay Is Simple It opens your entire paper to the readers and it introduces the subject of your paper. Condoms Find out where you are able to pick up some totally free condoms near you. Very many students must be made mindful of the consequences of engaging in sex. Although there are just two short paragraphs, there's a great deal of room for confusion here. Ideaof school uniforms does not conserve family money and doesn't cover all requirements of children. If you're after more than a casual snack at no cost, here are some suggestions on obtaining a free meal. Imagine this individual disagrees with everything which you say. You might also see college essay. You might also see scholarship essay. A persuasive essay is one of the simplest and intriguing essay that students would delight in writing. When you're writing an English essay, you have zero chance to verify your paper by another individual. The Do's and Don'ts of Ap French Student Samples Persuasive Essay Uber Eats If you reside in central London you can receive a totally free 3 UberEats credit with code eats-elizaj21. There are tons of tricks it is possible to utilize to acquire completely free grub. Look closely at topics you've got strong reactions to, and you're going to find one easily. Discover all the ways that you can receive an absolutely free STI test. When people on the web aren't polite, they don't fret about their tone in any way, and it offends people. What such people don't understand is that studying is, in reality, among the biggest services one can do for oneself. No really, it is a fantastic idea. The thesis has to be established, with examples, and the antithesis has to be supported too. Introducing Ap French Student Samples Persuasive Essay To put it differently, essay writing was classified as a formal and informal kind of writing. A student only has to be motivated into writing. You might also see synthesis essay. This kind of ess ay requires a good framework and outstanding support. You could also see persuasive speech. Although it isn't recommended, paraphrasing the quote in your essay is a great method to hold up your argument. Through the duration of history, writing was used to begin a revolution. This isn't to say that you need ton't believe in what you're writing. The second point, that making connections is a kind of thinking which can be taught, cannot be proven until the very first point has been sufficiently supported. You see, superior arguments are the ones that make an individual doubt their own beliefs. Attempt to choose the best devices to strengthen your argument that you're able to. Just take a stance on one of these issues, and find loads of evidence to support it. Whispered Ap French Student Samples Persuasive Essay Secrets Your exam is broken into portions. You might even have a hobby for example, writing a blog that's a review of every book you read or posting beautiful photographs on the internet that could be related to your job application. Unlike topics for middle school or higher school, excellent college topics are somewhat more challenging to discover. Instead, utilize this guide to create a template that can serve as a foundation for virtually any job you might want to submit an application for.

Sample Responses to a College Deferral Letter

If you applied to college through early decision  or  early action option, you may find that youve been neither accepted nor rejected, but deferred. Many applicants despair when their application for early admission ends up in this frustrating limbo because it feels much like a rejection. It is not, and you can take steps to improve your chances of getting admitted with the regular admission pool. One easy step is to write the college a response to your deferral letter. Key Takeaways: Responding to a College Deferral If you have new information that could strengthen your application, share it with admissions officials. This can include improved test scores, a new award, or a new leadership position.Be positive: reaffirm your interest in the school, and dont let your anger and frustration at being deferred darken your letter. Be careful not to suggest the admissions officials made a mistake.As with all written parts of your applications, pay careful attention to grammar, punctuation, and style. Colleges want to admit students who write well. Remember that if the college did not think you had the qualifications necessary to be admitted, you would have been rejected, not deferred. Essentially, the school is telling you that you have what it takes to get in, but it wants to compare you to the full applicant pool. You simply didnt stand out quite enough to be admitted with the early applicant pool. By writing to a college after being deferred, you have the opportunity to both reaffirm your interest in the school and present any new information that might strengthen your application. So, dont panic if you received a letter of deferral after applying to college through  early decision  or  early action. Youre still in the game.  First, read about what to do if deferred. Then, if you think you have meaningful new information to share with the college that has deferred your admission, write a letter. Sometimes you can write a simple  letter of continued interest  even if you dont have new information to share, although some schools explicitly state that such letters are not necessary, and in some cases, not welcome (admissions offices are extremely busy in the winter). Sample Letter from a Deferred Student This sample letter would be appropriate response to a deferment. The student, Caitlin, has a significant new honor to report to her first-choice college, so she certainly should make the school aware of the update to her application. Note that her letter is polite and concise. She doesnt express her frustration or anger; she doesnt try to convince the school that it has made a mistake; instead, she reaffirms her interest in the school, presents the new information, and thanks the admissions officer. Dear Mr. Carlos, I am writing to inform you of an addition to my   University of Georgia  application. Although my admission for Early Action has been deferred, I am still very interested in UGA and would very much like to be admitted, and therefore I wish to keep you up to date on my activities and achievements. Earlier this month I participated in the Siemens Competition in Math, Science and Technology in New York City. My high school team was awarded a $10,000 scholarship for our research on graph theory. The judges consisted of a panel of scientists and mathematicians led by former astronaut Dr. Thomas Jones; the awards were presented at a ceremony on Dec. 7. Over 2,000 students entered this competition, and I was extremely honored to be recognized alongside the other winners. More information on this competition can be found through the Siemens Foundation web site: http://www.siemens-foundation.org/en/. Thank you for your continued consideration of my application. Sincerely, Caitlin Anystudent Discussion of Caitlin's Letter Caitlins letter is simple and to the point. Given how busy the admissions office will be between December and March, being brief is important. It would reflect poor judgment if she were to write a lengthy letter to present a single piece of information. That said, Caitlin could strengthen her letter slightly with a few tweaks to her opening paragraph. Currently she states that she is still very interested in UGA and would very much like to be admitted. Since she applied Early Action, admissions officers can assume that UGA was among Caitlins top-choice schools. If so, she should state this. Also, it doesnt hurt to briefly state why UGA is a top-choice school. As an example, her opening paragraph could state: Although my admission for Early Action has been deferred, UGA remains my top-choice university. I love the energy and spirit of the campus, and I was truly impressed by my visit to a sociology class last spring. I am writing to keep you up to date on my activities and achievements. A Second Sample Letter Laura applied to Johns Hopkins University through the early decision program, and she was deferred. She had a few significant updates to her record, so she wrote a letter to the admissions office: Dear Mr. Birney, Last week I learned that my application for early decision at Johns Hopkins was deferred. As you can imagine, this news was disappointing to me—Johns Hopkins remains the university Im most excited about attending. I visited many schools during my college search, and  Johns Hopkins program in International Studies appeared to be a perfect match for my interests and aspirations. I also loved the energy of the Homewood Campus. I want to thank you and your colleagues for the time you put into considering my application. After I applied for early decision, I received a couple more pieces of information that I hope will strengthen my application. First, I retook the SAT in November and my combined score went from 1330 to 1470. The College Board will be sending you an official score report soon. Also, I was recently elected to be the captain of our school ski team, a group of 28 students who compete in regional competitions. As captain, I will have a central role in the teams scheduling, publicity and fundraising. I have asked the teams coach to send you a supplemental letter of recommendation that will address my role within the team. Many thanks for your consideration, Laura Anystudent Discussion of Laura's Letter Laura has good reason to write to Johns Hopkins University. The 110-point improvement on her SAT scores is significant. If you look at this  graph of GPA-SAT-ACT data for admission to Hopkins, youll see that Lauras original 1330 was on the lower end of the accepted student range. Her new score of 1470 is nicely in the middle of the range. Lauras election as captain of the ski team may not be a game-changer on the admissions front, but it does show more evidence of her leadership skills. Especially if her application was originally light on leadership experiences, this new position may be significant. Finally, Lauras decision to have a supplemental  letter of recommendation  sent to Hopkins is a good choice, particularly if her coach can speak to abilities that Lauras other recommenders did not. Mistakes to Avoid The following letter illustrates what you should not do. The student, Brian, asks to have his application reconsidered, but he does not present any significant new information for reconsidering the decision. To Whom It May Concern: I am writing in regard to my deferral for admission to Syracuse University for the fall semester. I received a letter earlier this week informing me that my admission had been deferred. I would like to urge you to reconsider me for admission. As you know from my previously submitted admissions materials, I am a very strong student with an outstanding academic record. Since I submitted my high school transcript in November, I have received another set of midyear grades, and my GPA has gone up from a 3.30 to 3.35. In addition, the school newspaper, of which I am assistant editor, has been nominated for a regional award. Frankly, I am somewhat concerned about the status of my admission. I have a friend at a nearby high school who has been admitted to Syracuse through early admissions, yet I know that he has a somewhat lower GPA than mine and has not been involved in as many  extracurricular activities. Although he is a good student, and I certainly do not hold anything against him, I am confused about why he would be admitted while I have not been. I think that I am a far stronger applicant. I would very much appreciate it if you could take another look at my application and reconsider my admissions status. I believe I am an excellent student  and would have much to contribute to your university. Sincerely, Brian Anystudent The increase in his GPA from a 3.30 to a 3.35 is fairly trivial. Brians newspaper has been nominated for an award, but it has not won the award. Moreover, he writes as if he has been rejected, not deferred. The university will review his application again with the regular pool of applicants. The biggest problem  with the letter, however, is that Brian comes across as a whiner, an egotist, and an ungenerous person. He clearly thinks very highly of himself, placing himself above his friend and making much ado about a modest 3.35 GPA. Does Brian really sound like the type of person the admissions officers will want to invite to join their campus community? To make matters worse, the third paragraph in Brians letter essentially accuses the admissions officers of making a mistake in admitting his friend and deferring him. The goal of Brians letter is to strengthen his chances of getting into college, but questioning the competence of the admissions officers works counter to that goal. General Tips As with any communication with a college, pay careful attention tone, grammar, punctuation, and style. A sloppily-written letter will work against you and not strengthen your application. Writing a letter when deferred is optional, and at many schools, it wont improve your chances of being admitted. Write only if you have compelling new information to present (dont write if your SAT score went up just 10 points—you dont want to look like youre grasping). And if the college doesnt say not to write a letter of continued interest, it can be worthwhile to do so.